Thinking | Class 11 Psychology Notes
By ConceptScroll Team · Published on 17 July 2026 · 3 min read
Thinking – this guide gives you a concise, exam-ready overview of Thinking from Class 11 Psychology, written by ConceptScroll editors and reviewed against the latest NCERT textbook.
Reasoning
Reasoning is the cognitive process of gathering and analyzing information to draw conclusions. It is goal-directed and involves inference, closely related to problem solving.
There are two main types of reasoning:
1. Deductive Reasoning: This starts with a general assumption or premise and draws a specific conclusion. For example, if we assume that people run on a railway platform only when they are late, and we see a man running, we conclude he is late. However, this can lead to errors if the premise is incorrect.
2. Inductive Reasoning: This starts with specific observations and draws a general conclusion. For example, observing a man entering a train and returning with a bag may lead us to conclude he forgot his bag. Inductive reasoning can also lead to errors if observations are incomplete.
Analogy is another form of reasoning that involves understanding relationships between pairs of objects or concepts (A is to B as C is to D). Analogies help in problem solving by highlighting similarities.
Reasoning helps in making sense of situations, drawing valid conclusions, and guiding decisions.
📊 Diagram: Fig.7.3: Is the mouse making a True and Valid Conclusion?
🔗 Connection: Leads to the discussion on decision-making and judgment.
Frequently asked questions
Problem 1 Anagrams: Rearrange the letters to form a word. (You can also construct some similar words) NAGMARA BOLMPER SLEVO STGNIH TOLUSONI
The answers to the anagrams are:
1. NAGMARA → ANAGRAM 2. BOLMPER → PROBLEM 3. SLEVO → LOVES or VOLES 4. STGNIH → THINGS 5. TOLUSONI → SOLUTION
Explanation: Each scrambled word is rearranged to form a meaningful English word related to the chapter on thinking and problem solving. For example, 'NAGMARA' rearranged gives 'ANAGRAM', which is a word puzzle. 'BOLMPER' rearranged gives 'PROBLEM', which relates to the topic of problem solving. Similarly, others are rearranged to form words relevant to
Problem 2 Joining dots: Without lifting your pencil from the paper, connect all nine dots by drawing four straight lines.
To connect all nine dots arranged in a 3x3 grid with four straight lines without lifting the pencil, follow these steps:
1. Start from the bottom left dot. 2. Draw a line diagonally up through the middle dot in the second row to the top right dot. 3. Continue the line beyond the top right dot to extend outside the square. 4. Draw the second line diagonally down through the middle right dot to the bottom middle dot. 5. Draw the third line horizontally left through the bottom middle dot to the bo
Problem 3 Try out the 'water in three bottles' activity with your friend. There are three bottles, A, B, and C. Bottle A can hold 21 ml., B can hold 127 ml., and C can hold 3 ml. The task for your friend is to get 100 ml of water with the help of these three bottles. There are six more problems like this. These seven problems are given below.
To get exactly 100 ml of water using bottles A (21 ml), B (127 ml), and C (3 ml), follow these steps:
1. Fill bottle B completely (127 ml). 2. Pour water from B into A until A is full (21 ml), leaving 106 ml in B. 3. Empty bottle A. 4. Pour water from B into A again until A is full (21 ml), leaving 85 ml in B. 5. Empty bottle A. 6. Pour water from B into A again until A is full (21 ml), leaving 64 ml in B. 7. Empty bottle A. 8. Pour water from B into A again until A is full (21 ml), leaving 43
1. Explain the nature of thinking.
Thinking is a mental process that involves manipulating information, forming concepts, solving problems, reasoning, and making decisions. It is an active cognitive process that enables individuals to understand, analyze, and respond to their environment. Thinking helps in organizing experiences, making judgments, and planning actions.
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- अभिप्रेरणा एवं संवेग | Class 11 Psychology Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on अभिप्रेरणा एवं संवेग for Class 11 Psychology.
- अभिप्रेरणा एवं संवेग | Class 11 Psychology Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on अभिप्रेरणा एवं संवेग for Class 11 Psychology.