Rights | Class 11 Political Science Notes

Where Do Rights Come From?

Historically, rights were understood as natural or God-given, meaning they were inherent and not granted by any ruler or society. This idea, rooted in natural law theory of the 17th and 18th centuries, posited that humans are born with inalienable rights such as life, liberty, and property. These rights could not be taken away by any state or authority. This conception served as a powerful tool against arbitrary state power and for safeguarding individual freedom. In contemporary times, the term 'human rights' has replaced 'natural rights' as the notion of natural law or divine decree is less accepted. Human rights are seen as guarantees that people claim to lead a minimally good life. The basis of human rights is the recognition that every person is unique, equally valuable, and entitled to certain rights simply by virtue of being human. This moral conception, emphasized by philosophers like Immanuel Kant, holds that every person has dignity and must be treated with respect regardless of their social or personal attributes. Kant argued that people should never be treated merely as means to an end but always as ends in themselves. This moral foundation underpins universal human rights, which have been used globally to challenge discrimination and exclusion. Over time, the list of human rights has expanded to include new claims such as rights to clean air, water, and livelihood, reflecting evolving social and environmental concerns.

🧪 Activity: Go through recent newspapers and make a list of people's movements that have made proposals for new kinds of rights.

🔗 Connection: This section sets the philosophical and historical foundation for rights, leading to the discussion of legal rights and the role of the state in protecting rights.