Concerns and Needs in Diverse Contexts | Class 11 Home Science Notes

Hygiene and Sanitation

This section discusses the crucial role of hygiene and sanitation in preventing diseases and promoting health. Disease prevention requires addressing both intrinsic (host-related) and extrinsic (environmental) factors. Intrinsic factors include age, sex, ethnicity, heredity, blood groups, enzyme levels, and functioning of organs, which influence susceptibility to diseases. Extrinsic factors encompass the physical environment (air, water, soil, housing, climate, noise, radiation) and biological environment (other living beings such as animals, insects, plants, viruses, and microorganisms). Many of these extrinsic factors act as disease-producing agents or reservoirs of infection. The section emphasizes that maintaining hygiene and sanitation reduces exposure to harmful agents and thus prevents food-borne and other communicable diseases. Proper sanitation includes safe water supply, disposal of solid and liquid waste, and vector control (e.g., mosquitoes that transmit malaria). Hygiene practices include personal cleanliness and safe food handling. The section underscores that hygiene and sanitation are interlinked and essential components of public health.

📊 Diagram: Table on page 10 (9×4) listing intrinsic and extrinsic factors linked with diseases.

🔗 Connection: Leads to detailed discussion of environmental and personal aspects of hygiene.

Table on page 10 (9×4)

| 7A.9 Hygiene and Sanitation Prevention and control of disease has to address both intrinsic a extrinsic factors which are linked with various diseases. The box bel lists these factors. Table 2: Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors linked with various diseases Intrinsic/host factors Extrinsic/environmental factors Age, sex, ethnicity, race Physical environment – air, water, s housing, climate, geography, heat, lig noise, radiation Biological factors such as heredity, blood Biological environment includes the hum groups, enzymes, levels of various being, all other living beings such 100 substances in blood, e.g., cholesterol animals, rodents, insects, plants, virus Functioning of various organs and systems micro organisms Some of these act as disease-produci agents, some as reservoirs of infectio intermediate hosts and vectors of diseas Social and economic characteristics, e.g., Psychosocial factors-emotional well-bein occupation, marital status, housing cultural values, customs, habits, belie Lifestyle factors, e.g., nutrition, diet, physical attitudes, religion, lifestyle, health servic activity, living habits, use of addictive etc. substances such as drugs, alcohol, etc. Among these factors sanitation and hygiene, nutrition and immunisati are key inputs. When we speak of hygiene we are concerned with essentia two aspects: personal and environmental. Health depends to a great exte on the social environment as well as on lifestyle and behaviour, includi food intake. It is also closely related to hygiene. Poor hygiene leads several infections and infestations such as worm infestations. Environmental hygiene comprises external matter, both organic a inorganic, at the domestic hygiene (home) and community levels. T | | | nd ow |

| | Age, sex, ethnicity, race | Physical environment – air, water, s housing, climate, geography, heat, lig noise, radiation | oil, ht, |

| | Biological factors such as heredity, blood groups, enzymes, levels of various substances in blood, e.g., cholesterol Functioning of various organs and systems | Biological environment includes the hum being, all other living beings such animals, rodents, insects, plants, virus micro organisms Some of these act as disease-produci agents, some as reservoirs of infectio intermediate hosts and vectors of diseas | an as es, ng n, e |

| | Social and economic characteristics, e.g., occupation, marital status, housing | Psychosocial factors-emotional well-bein cultural values, customs, habits, belie attitudes, religion, lifestyle, health servic etc. | g, fs, es, | | | Lifestyle factors, e.g., nutrition, diet, physical activity, living habits, use of addictive substances such as drugs, alcohol, etc. | | |