VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL AT TRIBUTES | Class 12 Psychology Notes

Psychologists characterise intelligence as the ability to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment. It is defined as a general mental capability involving reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, comprehension of complex ideas, learning quickly, and learning from experience.

Intelligence is influenced by both heredity and environment. Heredity provides the genetic potential for intelligence, while environment affects the development and expression of this potential. Studies of twins and adopted children show that genetics play a significant role, but environmental factors such as education, nutrition, socio-economic status, and stimulation also critically shape intelligence. The interactionist perspective suggests intelligence results from the dynamic interplay of n

Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, identifying several distinct types of intelligence: 1) Linguistic intelligence – sensitivity to spoken and written language; 2) Logical-mathematical intelligence – ability to analyze problems logically; 3) Spatial intelligence – ability to think in three dimensions; 4) Musical intelligence – skill in performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns; 5) Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence – using one's body to solve problems

The triarchic theory of intelligence, proposed by Robert Sternberg, divides intelligence into three components: 1) Analytical intelligence – problem-solving abilities; 2) Creative intelligence – ability to deal with novel situations and generate new ideas; 3) Practical intelligence – ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions and everyday tasks. This theory helps us understand intelligence as a broader concept that includes not only academic skills but also creativity and practical kn