US Hegemony in World Politics | Class 12 Political Science Notes

INDIA AND ITS OTHER NEIGHBOURS

India's relations with its South Asian neighbors are complex, involving both cooperation and conflict. With Bangladesh, issues include disputes over sharing the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters, illegal immigration, and Bangladesh's support for anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups. Bangladesh has also refused to allow Indian troops to transit its territory to northeastern India and has been reluctant to export natural gas to India or allow Myanmar to do so through its territory.

Bangladesh accuses India of regional bullying, unfair trade practices, and interference in internal affairs. Despite these differences, economic relations have improved over the past two decades, with Bangladesh participating in India's Act East policy linking to Southeast Asia. The two countries have cooperated on disaster management, environmental issues, and exchanged enclaves in 2015.

Nepal and India share a unique relationship allowing citizens to travel and work freely across borders without visas or passports. However, trade disputes, Nepal's warm ties with China, and concerns over Indian interference persist. Nepalese leaders suspect India of controlling river waters and restricting access to the sea. Despite these issues, trade, scientific cooperation, and shared natural resources maintain stable relations.

India's relations with Sri Lanka are strained mainly due to ethnic conflict involving Tamils. India's military intervention in 1987 was unpopular, leading to a policy of disengagement. However, free trade agreements and India's assistance in post-tsunami reconstruction have improved ties.

India enjoys warm relations with Bhutan and the Maldives, with cooperation in hydroelectric projects, security, and economic development. India's quick military response in 1988 helped thwart a coup attempt in the Maldives.

Smaller neighbors often fear Indian dominance due to its size and power, while India worries about instability inviting external influence. Conflicts also exist among other neighbors, such as Nepal-Bhutan and Bangladesh-Myanmar over migration and resource issues. India's central geographic position means it shares borders with most neighbors, making it a key regional player.

📊 Diagram: Cartoon questioning why all neighbors have problems with India, pondering if it's due to foreign policy or India's size (See figure_14); Cartoon depicting India and Pakistan's roles in regional cooperation (See figure_15).

🧪 Activity: Classroom activity involving groups representing South Asian countries to explore bilateral and multilateral disputes, negotiate proposals, and understand challenges in regional cooperation.

🔗 Connection: This section sets the stage for discussing regional cooperation efforts like SAARC and the prospects for peace in South Asia.