The word ‘planning’ is not new to you as it is | Class 12 Geography Notes
By ConceptScroll Team · Published on 17 July 2026 · 4 min read
The word ‘planning’ is not new to you as it is – this guide gives you a concise, exam-ready overview of The word ‘planning’ is not new to you as it is from Class 12 Geography, written by ConceptScroll editors and reviewed against the latest NCERT textbook.
PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT
Planning is a familiar term in everyday life, often used in contexts such as preparing for exams or trips. It involves a systematic process of thinking, formulating schemes or programs, and implementing actions to achieve specific goals. In the context of this chapter, planning refers specifically to economic development, distinguishing it from traditional hit-and-miss methods of reform and reconstruction. After India’s independence, the country adopted centralized planning with the Planning Commission responsible for formulating plans at the central, state, and district levels. However, on 1 January 2015, the Planning Commission was replaced by the NITI Aayog, which aims to involve states more actively in economic policymaking and provide strategic and technical advice to both central and state governments. Planning in economic development typically follows two approaches: sectoral planning and regional planning. Sectoral planning focuses on the development of various economic sectors such as agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing, power, transport, communication, and social infrastructure. Regional planning, on the other hand, addresses spatial disparities in development, recognizing that some areas are more developed while others lag behind. It aims to reduce regional imbalances by adopting a spatial perspective in planning. This chapter explores these facets of planning and their role in sustainable development in India.
📊 Diagram: The chapter opens with a cover image illustrating the theme of planning and sustainable development in India, symbolizing the integration of economic growth with environmental and social concerns.
🧪 Activity: No specific activity in this introductory section.
🔗 Connection: Leads to the next section on Target Area Planning, which discusses planning focused on economically backward regions.
Frequently asked questions
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options. (i) Regional planning relates to : (a) Development of various sectors of economy. (b) Area specific approach of development. (c) Area differences in transportation network. (d) Development of rural areas. (ii) ITDP refers to which one of the following? (a) Integrated Tourism Development Programme (b) Integrated Travel Development Programme (c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme (d) Integrated Transport Development Programme (iii) Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area? (a) Agricultural development (b) Eco-development (c) Transport development (d) Colonisation of land
(i) Correct answer: (b) Area specific approach of development. Explanation: Regional planning focuses on the development of specific regions or areas considering their unique characteristics and needs, hence an area-specific approach.
(ii) Correct answer: (c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme Explanation: ITDP stands for Integrated Tribal Development Programme aimed at the socio-economic development of tribal communities.
(iii) Correct answer: (b) Eco-development Explanation: Sustainable
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words. (i) What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region? (ii) Define the concept of sustainable development. (iii) What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
(i) Social benefits of ITDP in Bharmaur tribal region include improved healthcare, education, infrastructure, and livelihood opportunities leading to enhanced quality of life for tribal communities.
(ii) Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
(iii) Positive impacts of irrigation in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area include increased agricultural productivity, diversification o
3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words. (i) Write short notes on drought-prone area programme. How does this programme help in the development of dryland agriculture in India? (ii) Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
(i) The Drought-Prone Area Programme (DPAP) is a government initiative aimed at mitigating the effects of drought in vulnerable regions by promoting drought-resistant crops, water conservation, and soil management. It helps develop dryland agriculture by improving water use efficiency, encouraging agro-forestry, and providing support to farmers to adapt to arid conditions, thus enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability.
(ii) Measures to promote sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal
Project (i) Find out the area development programmes being implemented in your region. Assess the impact of such programmes on the society and economy in your locality. (ii) Select your own area or identify an area facing severe environmental and socio-economic problems. Make an assessment of its resources and prepare their inventory. Suggest the measures for its sustainable development as it has been done in the case of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
(i) This project requires students to research and identify area development programmes in their locality, such as rural development schemes, employment generation programmes, or infrastructure projects. They should analyze how these programmes have affected social welfare, economic growth, employment, and quality of life.
(ii) Students should select a local area facing environmental and socio-economic challenges, conduct a resource inventory including natural, human, and economic resources, an
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- computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database | Class 12 Geography Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.
- computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database | Class 12 Geography Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.
- computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database | Class 12 Geography Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.