the sub-topics that are being addressed. Giving suitable sub-titles | Class 11 English Notes
By ConceptScroll Team · Published on 17 July 2026 · 3 min read
the sub-topics that are being addressed. Giving suitable sub-titles – this guide gives you a concise, exam-ready overview of the sub-topics that are being addressed. Giving suitable sub-titles from Class 11 English, written by ConceptScroll editors and reviewed against the latest NCERT textbook.
A new deal for old cities
This section introduces the concept of urban renewal through inclusive development models, using the example of Curitiba in Brazil. Curitiba is globally recognized for its innovative urban planning that employs low-cost technologies to achieve sustainable development. The city’s approach demonstrates that urban renewal can be both practical and inclusive, addressing the needs of all citizens rather than focusing solely on profit or modernization. The article contrasts this with the situation in many Indian cities, which still reflect the poor living conditions described by Friedrich Engels in nineteenth-century England. Engels’ depiction of urban centres included unpaved, dirty streets filled with refuse and stagnant pools, lacking proper sewage and drainage systems. This comparison highlights the persistence of urban decay in India and underscores the urgent need for reform. The section sets the stage for a critical examination of urban challenges in India and presents Curitiba’s model as a hopeful example of what can be achieved through thoughtful planning and community-oriented policies.
📊 Diagram: No diagrams are provided in this section.
🔗 Connection: This section leads into a detailed discussion of urban decay in Indian cities, highlighting the challenges faced and the failures of past policies.
Frequently asked questions
1. Notice the italicised sentence placed at the top of the article which tells us at a glance what the article is about. 2. Divide the article into four sections based on the shifts in the sub-topics and give a suitable sub-heading for each section. One has been done for you in the article as an example. 3. Look for pictures in newspapers and magazines that depict the urban civic problems discussed in the text. Cut them out and pin them to the text at appropriate places.
1. The italicised sentence at the top of the article summarises the main theme or focus of the article, giving the reader an immediate understanding of what the article discusses.
2. The article can be divided into four sections based on shifts in sub-topics:
- Section 1: Failure of governments and public health issues post-Independence (example sub-heading: "Governmental Failures and Public Health Challenges")
- Section 2: Urban infrastructure problems including sanitation, water supply,
1. Notice the italicised sentence placed at the top of the article which tells us at a glance what the article is about. 2. Divide the article into four sections based on the shifts in the sub-topics and give a suitable sub-heading for each section. One has been done for you in the article as an example. 3. Look for pictures in newspapers and magazines that depict the urban civic problems discussed in the text. Cut them out and pin them to the text at appropriate places.
1. The italicised sentence at the top of the article summarises the main theme or focus of the article, giving the reader an immediate understanding of what the article discusses.
2. To divide the article into four sections based on shifts in sub-topics, one should identify changes in focus or subject matter within the text. For example:
- Section 1: Failure of governments and public health issues (example: Surat plague)
- Section 2: Urban infrastructure challenges (sanitation, water, hou
What is the primary purpose of sub-titling in a long piece of writing?
To convey the main idea or theme of each section
Which of the following best describes the role of sub-titles in academic and journalistic writing?
They serve as signposts guiding readers through complex ideas
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