India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral | Class 12 Geography Notes
By ConceptScroll Team · Published on 17 July 2026 · 3 min read
India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral – this guide gives you a concise, exam-ready overview of India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral from Class 12 Geography, written by ConceptScroll editors and reviewed against the latest NCERT textbook.
Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Non-conventional energy sources are renewable and sustainable alternatives to exhaustible fossil fuels. These include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass energy. They are more evenly distributed and environmentally friendly. Solar energy is harnessed through photovoltaic cells and solar thermal technology, which is cost-competitive and pollution-free. Western India, especially Gujarat and Rajasthan, has high potential for solar energy. Wind energy is generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind through turbines into electricity. India has favorable wind conditions in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka. Tidal and wave energy, derived from ocean currents and tides, have great potential along India's west coast but are yet to be fully utilized. Geothermal energy comes from heat released by magma and hot springs; India has a geothermal plant at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh. Bio-energy is derived from biological products like agricultural residues and waste, which can be converted into electricity, heat, or gas, improving rural economies and reducing pollution. An example is the municipal waste-to-energy project in Okhla, Delhi.
📊 Diagram: Figures show solar panels, wind turbines, geothermal plants, and bio-energy projects illustrating non-conventional energy sources.
🔗 Connection: Leads to conservation of mineral resources and sustainable development.
Frequently asked questions
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options. (i) In which one of the following States are the major oil fields located? (a) Assam (b) Bihar (c) Rajasthan (d) Tamil Nadu (ii) At which one of the following places was the first atomic power station started? (a) Kalpakkam (b) Narora (c) Rana Pratap Sagar (d) Tarapur (iii) Which one of the following is non-renewable source of energy? (a) Hydel (b) Solar (c) Thermal (d) Wind power
(i) The major oil fields in India are located in Assam. Assam is known for its oil fields like Digboi, Naharkatiya, and Moran.
(ii) The first atomic power station in India was started at Tarapur in Maharashtra in 1969.
(iii) Thermal energy is a non-renewable source of energy as it primarily depends on fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas which are finite resources.
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words. (i) Give an account of the distribution of mica in India. (ii) What is nuclear power? Mention the important nuclear power stations in India. (iii) Name non-ferrous metal. Discuss their spatial distribution. (iv) What are non-conventional sources of energy?
(i) Mica is mainly found in the states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. Jharkhand and Bihar are the leading producers.
(ii) Nuclear power is the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Important nuclear power stations in India include Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), and Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu).
(iii) Non-ferrous metals include copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, and tin. Copper is mainly
3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words. (i) Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India. (ii) Write an essay on hydel power in India.
(i) Petroleum resources in India are found mainly in Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai High off the coast of Maharashtra, and the Krishna-Godavari basin. Assam was the first region where oil was discovered in India. Mumbai High is the largest offshore oil field. Petroleum is a crucial energy resource for India’s economy, used for transportation, industry, and domestic purposes. Exploration and production have increased with technological advancements, but India still imports a significant portion of its pe
What is the definition of a mineral according to the chapter on Mineral and Energy Resources?
A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.
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- computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database | Class 12 Geography Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.
- computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database | Class 12 Geography Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.
- computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database | Class 12 Geography Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.