Human activities which generate income are | Class 12 Geography Notes
By ConceptScroll Team · Published on 17 July 2026 · 5 min read
Human activities which generate income are – this guide gives you a concise, exam-ready overview of Human activities which generate income are from Class 12 Geography, written by ConceptScroll editors and reviewed against the latest NCERT textbook.
Mediterranean Agriculture
Mediterranean agriculture is a highly specialized commercial farming system practiced in countries around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe and North Africa, as well as in southern California, central Chile, southwestern South Africa, and southern and southwestern Australia. It is characterized by the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and other high-value crops suited to the Mediterranean climate with wet winters and dry summers. Citrus fruits, olives, figs, and grapes are important crops. Viticulture, or grape cultivation, is a specialty of this region, producing some of the world's best quality wines with distinctive flavors. Inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants. The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is the production of valuable crops during winter when demand is high in European and North American markets. This system requires good transportation and marketing infrastructure to export perishable products.
📊 Diagram: Figures 4.15 (a) and (b) show a vineyard in Switzerland and grape collection in Kazakhstan, illustrating viticulture. Figure 4.16 maps areas of dairy farming, showing the overlap with Mediterranean regions.
🔗 Connection: This section leads to market gardening and horticulture, which are other forms of high-value commercial agriculture.
Frequently asked questions
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. (i) Which one of the following is not a plantation crop? (a) Coffee (b) Sugarcane (c) Wheat (d) Rubber (ii) In which one of the following countries co-operative farming was the most successful experiment? (a) Russia (b) Denmark (c) India (d) The Netherlands (iii) Growing of flowers is called: (a) Truck farming (b) Factory farming (c) Mixed farming (d) Floriculture (iv) Which one of the following types of cultivation was developed by European colonists? (a) Kolkoz (b) Viticulture (c) Mixed farming (d) Plantation (v) In which one of the following regions is extensive commercial grain cultivation not practised? (a) American Canadian prairies (b) European Steppes (c) Pampas of Argentina (d) Amazon Basin (vi) In which of the following types of agriculture is the farming of citrus fruit very important? (a) Market gardening (b) Plantation agriculture (c) Mediterranean agriculture (d) Co-operative farming (vii) Which one type of agriculture amongst the following is also called 'slash and burn agriculture'? (a) Extensive subsistence agriculture (b) Primitive subsistence agriculture (c) Extensive commercial grain cultivation (d) Mixed farming (viii) Which one of the following does not follow monoculture? (a) Dairy farming (b) Mixed farming (c) Plantation agriculture (d) Commercial grain farming
Answers with explanations:
(i) (c) Wheat Explanation: Wheat is a cereal crop and is not grown as a plantation crop. Plantation crops include coffee, sugarcane, and rubber which are grown on large estates.
(ii) (b) Denmark Explanation: Denmark is known for successful co-operative farming experiments, especially in dairy farming.
(iii) (d) Floriculture Explanation: Floriculture is the cultivation of flowers.
(iv) (d) Plantation Explanation: Plantation agriculture was developed by European colo
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words. (i) Future of shifting cultivation is bleak. Discuss. (ii) Market gardening is practised near urban areas. Why? (iii) Large scale dairy farming is the result of the development of transportation and refrigeration.
(i) Future of shifting cultivation is bleak because it leads to deforestation, soil degradation, and low productivity. Increasing population pressure and government restrictions also limit its practice.
(ii) Market gardening is practised near urban areas because proximity to markets reduces transportation costs and ensures fresh produce supply to urban consumers.
(iii) Large scale dairy farming developed due to improved transportation and refrigeration which allow milk and dairy products to be
3. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words. (i) Differentiate between Nomadic Herding and Commercial Livestock Rearing. (ii) Discuss the important characteristic features of plantation agriculture. Name a few important plantation crops from different countries.
(i) Difference between Nomadic Herding and Commercial Livestock Rearing:
- Nomadic Herding involves moving livestock from place to place in search of pasture and water, usually practiced by tribal or pastoral communities for subsistence.
- Commercial Livestock Rearing is a settled form of livestock farming aimed at producing animals and animal products for sale in markets.
(ii) Characteristics of Plantation Agriculture:
- Large scale farming of a single crop (monoculture) on large estates.
- La
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. (i) Which one of the following is not a plantation crop? (a) Coffee (b) Sugarcane (c) Wheat (d) Rubber (ii) In which one of the following countries co-operative farming was the most successful experiment? (a) Russia (b) Denmark (c) India (d) The Netherlands (iii) Growing of flowers is called: (a) Truck farming (b) Factory farming (c) Mixed farming (d) Floriculture (iv) Which one of the following types of cultivation was developed by European colonists? (a) Kolkoz (b) Viticulture (c) Mixed farming (d) Plantation (v) In which one of the following regions is extensive commercial grain cultivation not practised? (a) American Canadian prairies (b) European Steppes (c) Pampas of Argentina (d) Amazon Basin (vi) In which of the following types of agriculture is the farming of citrus fruit very important? (a) Market gardening (b) Plantation agriculture (c) Mediterranean agriculture (d) Co-operative farming (vii) Which one type of agriculture amongst the following is also called 'slash and burn agriculture'? (a) Extensive subsistence agriculture (b) Primitive subsistence agriculture (c) Extensive commercial grain cultivation (d) Mixed farming (viii) Which one of the following does not follow monoculture? (a) Dairy farming (b) Mixed farming (c) Plantation agriculture (d) Commercial grain farming
Answers: (i) (c) Wheat - Wheat is a cereal crop grown in fields, not a plantation crop. Plantation crops are grown on large estates and include coffee, sugarcane, and rubber.
(ii) (a) Russia - Co-operative farming was most successful in Russia, especially during the Soviet era with collective farms.
(iii) (d) Floriculture - The growing of flowers is called floriculture.
(iv) (d) Plantation - Plantation agriculture was developed by European colonists.
(v) (d) Amazon Basin - Extensive commerci
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Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.
- computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database | Class 12 Geography Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.
- computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database | Class 12 Geography Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on computer hardware and the application software are referred as the Database for Class 12 Geography.