Globalisation | Class 12 Political Science Notes
By ConceptScroll Team · Published on 17 July 2026 · 4 min read
Globalisation – this guide gives you a concise, exam-ready overview of Globalisation from Class 12 Political Science, written by ConceptScroll editors and reviewed against the latest NCERT textbook.
The Concept of Globalisation
Globalisation refers to the process of worldwide interconnectedness that results from the flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people across national boundaries. It is a multidimensional phenomenon that affects political, economic, and cultural spheres. The chapter begins with illustrative examples: Janardhan, who works in a call centre serving clients thousands of miles away, represents the globalisation of services; Ramdhari’s purchase of a Chinese-manufactured cycle and an American Barbie doll highlights the movement of commodities; Sarika’s new career opportunities reflect cultural and social changes influenced by globalisation. These examples show that globalisation is not limited to economics but also involves cultural and social dimensions, influencing lifestyles, values, and opportunities.
Globalisation is often used imprecisely in everyday language, sometimes conflated with westernisation or economic liberalisation. However, it is important to understand it as the intensification of global interactions and flows that create a more interconnected world. These flows include:
- Ideas: movement of knowledge, information, and cultural values.
- Capital: investments and financial resources moving across borders.
- Commodities: goods produced in one country and consumed in another.
- People: migration and movement for work, education, or refuge.
The crucial element is the creation of a worldwide network of interdependence and interaction. Globalisation is not a new phenomenon historically, but the scale and speed of these flows have increased dramatically in recent decades, making contemporary globalisation unique. It is also uneven in its impact, affecting some societies and groups more than others, and it is important to consider specific contexts when analysing its effects.
📊 Diagram: The chapter includes images showing global flows: a call centre worker representing service globalisation; commodities like Chinese cycles and American dolls sold in India; cultural interactions such as clothing and lifestyle changes. These visuals illustrate the multidimensional nature of globalisation.
🔗 Connection: This section lays the foundation for understanding the causes of globalisation by explaining what globalisation entails and its multidimensional nature.
Frequently asked questions
1. Which of the statements are TRUE about globalisation? a. Globalisation is purely an economic phenomenon. b. Globalisation began in 1991. c. Globalisation is the same thing as westernisation. d. Globalisation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.
The correct statement is d. Globalisation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.
Explanation:
- a is false because globalisation is not purely economic; it also includes cultural, political, technological, and social dimensions.
- b is false because globalisation began long before 1991; 1991 marks a significant liberalisation phase in India but globalisation as a process is older.
- c is false because globalisation is not the same as westernisation; westernisation is one aspect but globalisation i
2. Which of the statements are TRUE about the impact of globalisation? a. Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies. b. Globalisation has had a uniform impact on all states and societies. c. The impact of globalisation has been confined to the political sphere. d. Globalisation inevitably results in cultural homogeneity.
The correct statement is a. Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.
Explanation:
- a is true because globalisation affects different countries and social groups differently.
- b is false as the impact is not uniform.
- c is false because globalisation impacts economic, cultural, social, and political spheres.
- d is false because globalisation does not inevitably lead to cultural homogeneity; it can also lead to cultural diversity or hybridisation.
3. Which of the statements are TRUE about the causes of globalisation? a. Technology is an important cause of globalisation. b. Globalisation is caused by a particular community of people. c. Globalisation originated in the US. d. Economic interdependence alone causes globalisation.
The correct statement is a. Technology is an important cause of globalisation.
Explanation:
- a is true because advances in technology, especially communication and transport, have facilitated globalisation.
- b is false because globalisation is a complex process involving many actors, not a single community.
- c is false as globalisation is a historical process involving many regions.
- d is false because economic interdependence is one cause but not the only one; technology, politics, culture
4. Which of the statements are TRUE about globalisation? a. Globalisation is only about movement of commodities b. Globalisation does not involve a conflict of values. c. Services are an insignificant part of globalisation. d. Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.
The correct statement is d. Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.
Explanation:
- a is false because globalisation involves movement of commodities, services, capital, information, and people.
- b is false because globalisation often involves conflicts of values and cultural clashes.
- c is false because services are a significant part of globalisation.
- d is true as globalisation fundamentally means interconnectedness across the world.
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