Cultural Change | Class 12 Sociology Notes

SANSKRITISATION

Sanskritisation is a sociological concept coined by M.N. Srinivas, defined as the process by which a 'low' caste, tribe, or other group adopts the customs, rituals, beliefs, ideology, and lifestyle of a 'high' or 'twice-born' (dwija) caste, typically Brahmins, Kshatriyas, or Vaishyas. This process primarily occurs within the Hindu social framework but can be observed in sects outside Hinduism. Sanskritisation influences language, literature, ideology, music, dance, drama, lifestyle, and ritual practices. Its effects vary regionally; in areas dominated by highly Sanskritised castes, the entire region's culture becomes Sanskritised, while in others, non-Sanskritic influences dominate, a process termed 'de-Sanskritisation.' For example, Punjab historically had strong Persian cultural influence rather than Sanskritic. Sanskritisation usually occurs when a group improves economically or politically or gains higher self-consciousness through contact with Hindu 'Great Tradition' sources like pilgrim centres or monasteries. However, in highly unequal societies like India, attempts by lower castes to Sanskritise often faced social sanctions and hostility from dominant castes. Kumud Pawade's autobiography recounts her experiences as a Dalit woman studying Sanskrit, facing caste-based discrimination despite her academic success. Sanskritisation is often motivated by the desire to improve social status by imitating culturally superior groups, usually wealthier ones. Critics argue that sanskritisation exaggerates social mobility, reinforces caste hierarchies by accepting upper caste superiority, justifies exclusionary practices, and leads to the erosion of Dalit culture and identity. It also often results in gendered practices like secluding women, dowry adoption, and caste discrimination. The rise of anti-Brahmin movements and regional self-consciousness in the 20th century challenged Sanskritisation, promoting secular factors in caste mobility and Dalit identity pride.

📊 Diagram: Image illustrating traditional and modern clothing mix, reflecting cultural adoption and identity changes.

🧪 Activity: Activity 2.4: Reflect on whether Sanskritisation affects women differently than men, and if positional changes for men also apply to women.

🔗 Connection: Leads to discussion on westernisation as another major process of cultural change.