Cultural Change | Class 12 Sociology Notes

WESTERNISATION

Westernisation refers to the changes in Indian society and culture resulting from over 150 years of British colonial rule. M.N. Srinivas defines it as encompassing changes at multiple levels including technology, institutions, ideology, and values. Westernisation manifested in two main ways: first, the emergence of a westernised subculture among a minority of Indians, especially intellectuals who adopted Western ways of thinking and lifestyles; second, the widespread diffusion of Western cultural traits such as new technologies, dress, food habits, and household items among the general population. Early 19th-century reformers often belonged to the westernised intellectual elite. However, westernisation does not necessarily imply adoption of modern democratic and egalitarian values. Many Indians may adopt Western attire and lifestyle but retain conservative or prejudiced social attitudes. For example, some western-educated individuals may hold discriminatory views despite their education. Similarly, families may adopt Western-style home interiors but maintain conservative gender roles. The practice of female foeticide combines modern technology with regressive gender discrimination. Western influence also shaped Indian art and literature, as seen in artists like Raja Ravi Varma who blended Western techniques with indigenous themes. Westernisation has contributed to generational cultural conflicts, but these conflicts are complex and not solely due to Western influence. Srinivas noted that while lower castes sought Sanskritisation, upper castes often pursued westernisation, though this generalisation has exceptions. For example, the Thiyyas of Kerala consciously westernised as a critique of caste. In the North-East, Western education facilitated communication across diverse tribes and was a pathway to upward mobility.

📊 Diagram: Portrait of Raja Ravi Varma illustrating Western influence on Indian art; Box 2.2 showing a family portrait blending matrilineal and Western nuclear family elements.

🧪 Activity: Activity 2.5: Identify Indians who adopt Western dress and lifestyle but do not embrace democratic or egalitarian values. Discuss contradictions in both Indian and Western societies.

🔗 Connection: Prepares for the discussion on modernisation and secularisation as intertwined processes.