Change and Development in Industrial Society | Class 12 Sociology Notes
By ConceptScroll Team · Published on 17 July 2026 · 4 min read
Change and Development in Industrial Society – this guide gives you a concise, exam-ready overview of Change and Development in Industrial Society from Class 12 Sociology, written by ConceptScroll editors and reviewed against the latest NCERT textbook.
Frequently asked questions
During 2020–21, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, hundreds and thousands of IT sector workers worked from home. Find out the differences and commonalities between home-based work and those who work from home.
Home-based work typically involves manual or craft-based production done at home, often by women and children, paid on a piece-rate basis, and mediated by contractors or agents who supply raw materials and collect finished goods. It is usually informal, with little job security or social benefits. In contrast, working from home in the IT sector during the COVID-19 pandemic involved employees performing office-based, knowledge work remotely using digital technology. These workers are generally fo
1. Choose any occupation you see around you – and describe it along the following lines: a) social composition of the work force – caste, gender, age, region; b) labour process – how the work takes place, c) wages and other benefits, d) working conditions – safety, rest times, working hours, etc.
Answer will vary depending on the occupation chosen. For example, if choosing a school teacher: (a) Social composition: Mostly educated individuals, mixed gender, age range 22-60, from local or regional backgrounds. (b) Labour process: Teaching students in classrooms, preparing lessons, grading assignments. (c) Wages and benefits: Fixed monthly salary, sometimes additional benefits like health insurance, pension. (d) Working conditions: Fixed working hours, generally safe environment, regular br
2. How has liberalisation affected employment patterns in India?
Liberalisation in India, starting in the early 1990s, led to significant changes in employment patterns. It resulted in the growth of the service sector, especially IT and IT-enabled services, creating new formal employment opportunities. However, it also increased informal and contract labour in manufacturing and other sectors due to cost-cutting and flexibility demands. There was a decline in traditional industries and some formal sector jobs, with a rise in casual and temporary employment. Li
In the context of Mumbai's Bollywood industry, which of the following groups is part of the junior artists association demanding 8-hour shifts, proper wages, and safe working conditions?
Stunt artists and dancers
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Social Change and Development in India
This introductory section sets the context for understanding the complex interplay between industrialisation, social change, and development in India. Using the example of Bollywood in Mumbai, it highlights how industries are not just economic units but social spaces where diverse groups of people work and live under different conditions. For instance, Bollywood employs a wide range of workers from film stars to junior artists like dancers and stunt artists, who are organised into unions such as the junior artists association. Their demands include fair wages, 8-hour shifts, and safe working conditions. The products of this industry—films, music cassettes, videos—are marketed through distributors and cinema halls, showing the link between production and consumption.
The section also draws attention to the social stratification within the city of Mumbai, where different economic classes live in distinct localities (e.g., film stars and mill owners in Juhu, workers in Girangaon). Despite these divisions in living standards, food habits, and clothing, there are shared experiences like watching the same films and cricket matches, exposure to pollution, and common aspirations for children’s futures.
The sociological interest lies in how work and employment shape social identities and relations. Questions arise about why women are concentrated in certain jobs like nursing and teaching, which are socially seen as caring roles, while engineering remains male-dominated despite nursing being physically demanding. Cultural practices also influence consumption patterns, such as coffee advertisements in India showing two cups to signify socialising, unlike single cups in America.
Sociologists study who produces what, who works where, and how products are marketed, emphasising that these are not merely individual choices but outcomes of broader social patterns. These choices, in turn, influence societal functioning and change.
📊 Diagram: See figure_1: Contextual images related to industrial society and social change in India.
🧪 Activity: Reflect on the reasons behind occupational segregation by gender and cultural influences on consumption, such as coffee drinking habits.
🔗 Connection: Leads to the next section '5.1 Images of Industrial Society' by introducing the social context in which industrialisation affects social relations.