C HA P T E R | Class 11 Economics Notes
By ConceptScroll Team · Published on 17 July 2026 · 4 min read
C HA P T E R – this guide gives you a concise, exam-ready overview of C HA P T E R from Class 11 Economics, written by ConceptScroll editors and reviewed against the latest NCERT textbook.
5. SAMPLING AND NON-SAMPLING ERRORS
This section discusses the two main types of errors encountered in statistical surveys: sampling errors and non-sampling errors. Sampling errors arise due to the difference between the sample estimate and the actual population parameter. For example, if the average income of all farmers is 600, but the sample average is 550, the sampling error is 50. Sampling errors can be reduced by increasing the sample size. Non-sampling errors are more serious and harder to minimize, even with large samples or a Census. They include sampling bias, non-response errors, and errors in data acquisition. Sampling bias occurs when some members of the population have no chance of being included in the sample, leading to unrepresentative results. Non-response errors happen when selected individuals cannot be contacted or refuse to respond, affecting representativeness. Errors in data acquisition arise from incorrect recording or measurement mistakes, such as inconsistent measurements or transcription errors. The section emphasizes the importance of minimizing non-sampling errors to ensure data quality.
🔗 Connection: Prepares for understanding important agencies involved in data collection in India in the next section.
Frequently asked questions
Frame at least four appropriate multiple-choice options for following questions: (i) Which of the following is the most important when you buy a new dress? (ii) How often do you use computers? (iii) Which of the newspapers do you read regularly? (iv) Rise in the price of petrol is justified. (v) What is the monthly income of your family?
This question asks you to create multiple-choice options for each of the given questions. For example:
(i) Which of the following is the most important when you buy a new dress? Options: A) Price B) Colour C) Brand D) Comfort
(ii) How often do you use computers? Options: A) Daily B) Weekly C) Occasionally D) Never
(iii) Which of the newspapers do you read regularly? Options: A) The Times of India B) Hindustan Times C) The Hindu D) None
(iv) Rise in the price of petrol is justified. Options:
Frame five two-way questions (with 'Yes' or 'No').
Two-way questions are those which can be answered with 'Yes' or 'No'. Examples: 1. Do you like to study Economics? 2. Have you ever used a computer? 3. Is your school located in the city? 4. Do you watch television daily? 5. Have you ever traveled outside your state?
State whether the following statements are True or False. (i) There are many sources of data. (ii) Telephone survey is the most suitable method of collecting data, when the population is literate and spread over a large area. (iii) Data collected by investigator is called the secondary data. (iv) There is a certain bias involved in the non-random selection of samples. (v) Non-sampling errors can be minimised by taking large samples.
(i) True - There are many sources of data such as surveys, censuses, administrative records, etc.
(ii) True - Telephone surveys are suitable when the population is literate and spread over a large area.
(iii) False - Data collected by investigator is called primary data, not secondary data.
(iv) True - Non-random selection of samples introduces bias.
(v) False - Non-sampling errors cannot be minimized by increasing sample size; they arise due to other factors like measurement errors.
What do you think about the following questions? Do you find any problem with these questions? Describe. (i) How far do you live from the closest market? (ii) If plastic bags are only 5 per cent of our garbage, should it be banned? (iii) Wouldn't you be opposed to increase in price of petrol? (iv) Do you agree with the use of chemical fertilisers? (v) Do you use fertilisers in your fields? (vi) What is the yield per hectare in your field?
This question asks to analyze the given questions for any problems such as ambiguity, leading questions, or difficulty in answering.
(i) 'How far do you live from the closest market?' - May be difficult for some respondents to estimate exact distance.
(ii) 'If plastic bags are only 5 per cent of our garbage, should it be banned?' - This is a leading question as it suggests a small percentage.
(iii) 'Wouldn't you be opposed to increase in price of petrol?' - Leading question, suggests the expe
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- Use of Statistical Tools | Class 11 Economics Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on Use of Statistical Tools for Class 11 Economics.
- Use of Statistical Tools | Class 11 Economics Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on Use of Statistical Tools for Class 11 Economics.
- Use of Statistical Tools | Class 11 Economics Notes
Clear NCERT-aligned notes on Use of Statistical Tools for Class 11 Economics.